Barriers to cervical cancer and breast cancer screening uptake in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Аннотация
There is an alarmingly high growth in breast and cervical cancers in low- and middle-income countries. Due to late presentation to doctors, there
is a lower cure rate. The screening programmes in low- and middle-income countries are not comprehensive. In this paper, we systematically
analyse the barriers to screening through an accessibility framework. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Mendeley and
Google Scholar to retrieve all English language studies (quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods) that contained information on breast and
cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income countries. We only considered publications published between 1 January 2016 and 31 May
2021. The review was guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses literature search extension (PRISMA-S),
an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews. The search yielded a total of 67 articles from
low- and middle-income countries in this review. We used a framework on accessibility known as the 5A framework, which distinguishes five
aspects of access: approachability, acceptability, availability, affordability and appropriateness, to classify the screening barriers. We added two
more aspects: awareness and angst, as they could explain other important barriers to screening.They confirmed how the lack of awareness, cost
of the screening service and distance to the screening centre act as major impediments to screening. They also revealed how embarrassment
and fear of screening and cultural factors such as lack of spousal or family support could be obstacles to screening. We conclude that more
needs to be done by policymakers and governments to improve the confidence of the people in the health systems. Women should be made
aware of the causes and risk factors of cancer through evidence-based strategies so that there is an increased adherence to screening
Об авторах
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